Review of ‘Dressed to Kill Consumption, Style and the...

Cultural Influences Mark Farwell Review of ‘Dressed to Kill: Consumption, Style and the Gangster (Ruth, 1996)’ By Daniel De Brett The introduction of the ‘gangster’, comprising of personality, characteristics, image, consumption patterns, behaviours and attitudes, into the American society during the 1920s had a significant impact and influence on people’s society and culture. The public enemy, defined by business organisation, violent criminality and stylish consumption, was deployed by many Americans during the development of a new consumer society. The gangster was introduced and became a fascination to Americans at the peak of development of the new consumer society. Within this new society, consumerism had increased†¦show more content†¦Social divisions seem to become blurred by both lower and higher status people and that now ‘the respectable and the disreputable were linked as consumers’, social divisions seemed to be non existent. The gangster embodied the promise of new consumerism, however also consisted of dangers, as the gangster’s perceived wealth su ggested economic mobility with the blurring of social class. As the gangster could with ease mix with leading citizens in restaurants and bars, it suggests an enfacement of conventional distinctions between the respectable and disreputable. For Americans that situated themselves in the respected middle class, the shift of consumer society’s class relations became confused of social terrain. The middle class of the late nineteenth century ranged across several categories, often linked by ethnicity, religion and public behaviour. After the turn of the century, social changes made the category more problematic, with some of the issues involving the working class, including immigrants. During the First World War, the income gap decreased as white collar earnings stagnated, while the unskilled worker experienced increased real wages. This change in life, created the problematic middle class, as many Americans across the class scale, participated in quest for pleasure and gratifica tion that marked immigrants and working class as different. The new American economy promised

Relationship Between Interpretation Performance and Anxiety

Chinese Student interpreters’ Interpretation Anxiety and Interpretation Performance : do they relate? Interpreting is deemed a highly stress-provoking activity. (Jimà ©nez and Pinazo 2001; Seleskovitch 1978).It requires an excellent command of the source language and the target language, perfect memory retention, and fast information retrieval from the memory file. These complex linguistic, cognitive and psychomotor operations can easily produce an enormous amount of stress (Chiang,2006). 1. General Anxiety Theories Anxiety is a feeling of uneasiness and apprehension, usually about a situation with uncertain outcomes (Spielberger, 1983). The most established theories about anxiety include the state and trait anxiety (Scheier,1960; Spielberger et al. ,1970; Spielberger,1983), general and specific anxiety(Endler,1975;MacIntyre and Gardner,1991a), facilitating and debilitating anxiety(Alpert and Habert, 1960; Scovel, 1978), and unitary and multidimensional distinctions.(Tryon,1980; Smith and Smoll ,1990). 2. Second Language Anxiety Theory New insights into the interdependence and independence between general anxiety and language anxiety are needed the language anxiety constructs should be clear. Horwitz et al.’s (1986) proposed a situation-specific approach to the study of second language anxiety. Researchers had treated language anxiety as a simple transfer of trait or state anxiety, and important advances had been made on several fronts. 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Corruption in Colombia free essay sample

There has been a four-decade long conflict between government forces and anti-government groups, such as the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia (FARC) who are funded by the drug trade, has escalated over the years. Since about 2002 the violence has decreased a slit amount because of the lack of the military and popular support necessary to overthrow the government. However these groups of insurgents have continued to attack civilians. Large areas around Columbia are under the revolutionary influence. By the end of 2006, more than 31,000 former governments’ officials had ceased to function as long as the formal organization the United Self Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC). When this occurred criminal groups arose and members included former government officials. The Colombia Government has made efforts to advance government control throughout the country. In order to understand how corruption is affecting Colombia, we must first examine concrete economical statistics. The Colombian Peso exchange rate depreciated 6. We will write a custom essay sample on Corruption in Colombia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 64 percent against the US Dollar during the last 12 months. The Colombian Peso spot exchange rate specifies how much one currency, the USD, is currently worth in terms of the other, the COP. While the Colombian Peso spot exchange rate is quoted and exchanged in the same day, the Colombian Peso forward rate is quoted today but for delivery and payment on a specific future date. Colombian pesos (COP) per US dollar: 1,869. 9 (2010) 2,157. 6 (2009) 2,243. 6 (2008) 2,013. 8 (2007) 2,358. 6 (2006) According to the CIA World Factbook, Colombia is ranked 59th in exports and 54th in imports. In May of 2011 Colombia exports were worth 4704 Million USD and imports were worth 4931 Million USD. Their major exports are petroleum, coffee, coal, nickel, gold and, nontraditional exports. Their major imports are industrial and transportation equipment, consumer goods, chemicals, paper products, fuels, and electricity. The total population in Colombia was last reported at 45. 9 million people in 2010 from 16. 0 million in 1960, changing 187 percent during the last 50 years. Colombia has 0. 67 percent of the world? s total population which means that one person in every 150 people on the planet is a resident of Colombia. The unemployment rate in Columbia from 2000 until 2010 averaged at 14. 7 percent. The highest percentage was in January of 2001 when it was 20. 99 percent. The lowest percentage was in November of 2007 when it was 8. 91 percent. Labor force is the number of people employed plus the number unemployed but seeking work. The non-labor force is those who are not looking for work, those who are institutionalized, and those serving in the military. According to the World Bank, the Colombia Gross Domestic Product is worth 288 billion dollars or 0. 46% of the world economy. Colombias average GDP was 60. 55 billion dollars and reached the highest dollars in December of 2010. Colombia is a free market economy with major commercial and investment ties to The United States. Transition from a highly regulated economy has been underway for more than 15 years. Colombias average annual economic growth rate was of over 5% from 2002 to 2007. The inflation rate in Colombia was last reported at 3. 3 percent in August of 2011. Inflation rate refers to a general rise in prices measured against a standard level of purchasing power. The most well-known measures of Inflation are the CPI which measures consumer prices, and the GDP deflator, which measures inflation in the whole of the domestic economy. Corruption’s negative impact on Colombian Foreign Direct Investment is reflected by the poor image of Colombian government by its citizens. The Colombian government, although less developed and more corrupt, is structured similarly to the United States’ government. However unstable it may be, it is a republic and consists of three branches: executive, legislative and judicial. Also like the United States, Colombia is dominated by two major political parties, the Colombian Conservative Party and the Colombian Liberal Party. Because of the natural radicalism of the two parties, two major civil wars have resulted from their existence, The Thousand Days War and La Violencia. The Thousand Days War is a prime example of how the corruption of the Colombian government has made Foreign Direct Investment a very difficult achievement for Colombia. The Thousand Days War was a civil war fought between the Conservative Party of Colombia and the Liberal Party of Colombia, sparked by corruption. In 1898, Conservative Party member Manuel Antonio Sanclement, was elected president of Colombia. This was very controversial because it was believed that significant election fraud had made this possible. As Sanclement was an adamant Liberal Party oppose, the Colombian Liberal Party waged war. The war, which lasted 4 years, claimed an estimated 100,000 lives. As devastating of a loss as 100,000 people is, the worst outcome of The Thousand Days War may be that it did little to resolve the extreme differences between the Liberal and Conservative Parties of Colombia. The Thousand Days War was soon followed by a second civil war more commonly known as La Violencia. La Violencia was also a war founded on corruption. It was sparked by the assassination of the Liberal Party leader Jorge Eliecer Gaitan. After the assassination in 1948, Conservative Party leader Laureano Gomez, was the uncontested elected president in 1950. Under Gomez’s power, there was an increased rate of violence, specifically by the liberals of Colombia who were very upset about Gomez’s rise to power. Gomez was overthrown by a military coup led by General Gustavo Rojas Pinilpla in 1953. However, Rojas proved to be just as corrupt his predecessor and was soon overthrown by the Colombian military, with the support of both the Conservative and Liberal parties. La Violencia, a time properly named after and extreme period of violence and conflict, lasted from 1946 to 1957. Within that timespan it claimed an estimated 300,000 Colombian lives. The following chart shows the number of Colombian citizens who are murdered per 100,000 people by year. What is more concerning than its high rates, is that it continued to increase even after La Violencia. These extreme rates of murder and frequent conflicts are heavily dependent on the poor image citizens have of the Colombian government. There is a lack of trust in the Colombian government. Historically, governmental corruption is common practice in Colombia, just as it is a frequent occurrence that violent rebellions and civil wars take place in order to transfer power between the two political parties. This poor government infrastructure and lack of control allows corruption to run wild in Colombia making it a very difficult place for Foreign Direct Investment. This poor image of government in Colombia did not see much improvement after La Violencia. Another violent problem emerged with narco-terrorism. Colombia has become notorious for its cocaine production. In 2008, Colombia was the sources of 50% of the world’s cocaine. It is an industry which is very frequently held out violently, leading to what is known as narco-terrorism. In 1990, three presidential candidates were killed by narco-terrorists. With the rise of drug trafficking in Colombia, it appears that narco-terrorists have more control than the Colombian government. Although Colombian government has always struggled with corruption, there have recently been many signs of improvement towards a better country for Foreign Direct Investment. Within the past decade, several laws have been passed to weaken drug cartels and strengthen governmental control. From 2002 to 2008 Colombia has seen a decrease in many historically struggling areas. Its homicide rate dropped 44%, its kidnapping rates dropped 88%, its terrorist attacks dropped 79% and its attacks on country’s infrastructure dropped 60%. These tremendous improvements show an increase in governmental authority in Colombia. If Colombia can continue to improve in these areas and demonstrate that its government can have more control over its people, without corruption, it will become a much better candidate for Foreign Direct Investment. In August 2010, President Santos, introduced a legislation that would distribute industry incomes to Columbians who have lost their land due to violence. He also is trying to make improvements through domestic security. Columbia is third largest exporter of oil to the United States. Foreign direct investment from 2008 to 2009 went from $10 billion to $7. 2 billion. Even though records show that it has dropped $2. 8 billion, in 2010 it began to recover their losses through the oil sector. Because of their financial crisis the economy didn’t grow significant amount till 2010 then it grew 4. %. Before that the growth was a low percentage. With the challenges that Colombia’s faces it requires major improvement to sustain economic expansion. The outrageous amount of corruption in Colombia is hindering its economy and stopping it from becoming a safe and stable country. Although it is one of the oldest democracies in Latin America, Colombia has some of the most corrupt elections. An estimated 130,000 candidates are running for election at the local, regional, and national levels. 10% of these candidates have proven criminal records. About a third of their senate is currently under investigation for parapolitics and many of which are already in jail. The corrupt election are stopping Colombia from having a stable government which is stopping foreign investors from taking the risk of putting money into Columbia, meaning less jobs and poorer quality of life for the average Colombian. In 2005 the parapolitics scandal was uncovered and left the Colombian senate in chaos. The Colombian senate seats 102, and with 51 senators now being investigated and 29 in jail, they are virtually paralyzed. As each senator is arrested, it delays the agenda for legislation even more. Paramilitary leaders have confessed to hundreds of thousands of crimes including murders, abductions, rapes, narcotics, and extortion. They have also confessed to backing many politicians in an attempt to be protected outside of the law. Many members of the former president of Colombia, President Alvaro Uribe’s party were arrested for parapolitics showing the world how unstable the Colombian government is. One of the arrested politicians includes the president’s cousin Mario Uribe who has had very close ties to the president both family-wise and politically. This influenced the United States greatly and in 2007 a package of military aid destined for Colombia from the United States was blocked in the U. S. senate because of fear of election corruption. Colombia depends on the U. S. greatly, as it is number 3 in the world for U. S. military aid. The aid is used to assist in fighting the drug war and without it; more violence and corruption will take place. Paramilitary has a huge effect on the elections conducted in Columbia. There are around 20,000 paramilitary fighters in the country all growing from their creation in the 1980’s. In 2010 armed groups killed over two dozen candidates running for election and at the same time they invested large sums of money to fund their own candidates’ campaigns. Along with bribing people to run for them, these armed groups will also pay the public for individual votes. This can be as much as $40 per person in some places. Other times they will also use sheer military force to intimidate the public into voting for them. Many of the jailed parapoliticians have others running in their place as puppets while they are still in jail. Caracol news agency reported that 18 of the candidates in 2010 were â€Å"political front men† for ex-senators. There was an increase in the amount of women running for election which usually is considered a good thing. The truth is that the ones with the best chance for election were being backed by paramilitary families in an attempt to keep seats lost by jailed parapoliticians. The other big problem in Colombia its enormous drug trade and the negative effect it has on the economy. Columbia is the world’s largest cocaine producer and accounts for 43% of coca cultivation (the crop used to make cocaine). 0% of the cocaine found in the United States is Colombian. Combined, Colombian and Mexican drug cartels make an estimated $4. 6 billion exporting to the United States per year. Overall Columbia’s drug trade is about $10 billion / year which is equivalent to 25% of the countries legal exports. In 2008 81,000 hectares of land were being used for illegal coca cultivation. These are staggering numbers and makes you wonder, how is all of this being allowed to happen? If Colombia was not as corrupt as it is, this wouldn’t happen. Many of the drug lords use their influence and resources to pay off politicians, police, and military to turn a blind eye to their drug trade. Attempts have been made to stop this massive drug trafficking but so far it has only slowed it down. Colombia’s defense spending is now at $12 billion per year which is triple the average defense budget of other South American countries. Along with an increased defense budget, the United States has also committed an additional $6 billion since 2001 to help crackdown on the coca production. These are large sums of money that could be spent in other more productive ways. Such as, creating a better national infrastructure and creating jobs. $18 billion is a lot of money to invest in an economy, and currently they are losing all of that potential production because drugs are such a big problem. Drug trafficking and election corruption are both hurting the Colombian economy. Billions of dollars are being spent to stop the corruption but to this point there is still a great deal going on. In order for Colombia to have better production in a global economy, they must prove to the world they have a stable government, and reduce the risks associated with investing in them. Over the past few years, foreign direct investment in Colombia has been gradually increasing as their country has been fighting the corruption and violence that had been prominent. Some of the most advantageous areas for FDI are technology, fuels – such as coal, oil and natural gas and infrastructure. One reason that fuel is a wise choice for FDI is because Colombia has much more oil than is being used by its population: This excess would allow foreign companies access to enough oil to run more plants at a cheaper cost. Infrastructure is also important because Colombia’s current ease of transportation leaves much to be desired. If a company decided to invest in Colombia’s transportation, it would draw more investors in as said transportation costs decreased. The Colombian government has been actively working to encourage local companies to develop the roadway systems across the country to attempt to make Colombia more attractive to foreign investors. While several countries are investing in Colombia, the United States is the lead investor by over 30%. It is certainly beneficial to have a strong investor, however it can be problematic for one country to control so much of Colombia’s foreign direct investment. Having investments in Colombia is helpful for the United States because Colombia is a relatively close population of cheap labor without many of the highly-regulated working conditions that are found in more developed, less corrupt countries. As a surprisingly strong investor, Anguilla contributes 20% of Colombia’s foreign direct investment. For a country whose economy is largely based on tourism, it is interesting to see their commitment to a local country that has very little tourism because of its reputation for violence, drugs and corruption. Foreign direct investment has been increasing in the recent years due to Colombia’s higher regulation of corruption and desire to control the violence in the streets. Many businesses are beginning to trust Colombia to protect their product rights and property, although Colombia is still far from stable and dependable. While crime rates are slowly decreasing in Colombia, most businesses still avoid investing in Colombia because of its reputation for extensive riots and drug wars. If Colombia can decrease their reputation for instability and corruption, they have every opportunity to successfully draw in investment and provide a safer, better future for their citizens. As stated throughout this extensive research paper, corruption can cause a country many problems. One aspect that it affects the most is trade. Countries and corporations are less attracted to corrupt governments opposed to more stable governments. According to Mauro, who analyzed 94 corrupt countries, GDP increased by four percent with a decrease of 2. 38 on his teen point scale; GDP per capita increased by . percent. Mauro contributed to the book, The State in a Changing World, World Development Report 1997. Columbia has had corruption problems for an extended period of time now. Parts of the government have tried to stop such corruption but cooperation from all parts is needed to progress. In order for Columbia to progress they must start at the root. They must analyze what causes corruption and approaches other countries took to successfully start eliminating corruption. A few of the reasons corruption is practiced are to avoid penalties for illegal actions or to get around legal regulations. One overwhelming problem in Columbia, that is no secret to most, is drug trade. Drug cultivating and trade in Columbia is evident due to its geological location and ideal climate. In order to transport these drugs and have farms some drug lords may need to pay off government officials so they can â€Å"turn their eyes† on such activities. In this case both the drug lords and government officials benefit. Corruption will be hard to fight in Columbia due to the fact that the drug industry is estimated to be valued in the billions and whenever there is such a significant amount of money on the line, people are willing to do anything. Regardless of the reason, usually it is for an individual’s personal gain, companies included. Institutional corruption usually arises when government officials have a significant amount of power but little accountability. Most of the time, the officials must have their own financial incentives in order to partake in the corruption. The more control government officials have to regulate corporations the more corruption is likely to occur. If the probability of being caught or punished is low, people will tend to risk dealing with corruption. There are two approaches that must be taken to fight corruption, the first approach must be an institutional approach and the other must be a social approach. To begin an institutional reform towards corruption, Columbia must limit authority. Columbia has a questionable democratic government. With all the corruption going on, the polls could be altered. This is where the social approach comes into play later on. There most prominent branch is the executive branch. This supports the fact that Columbia’s authorities may have too much power. Privatization is believed to be able to reduce corruption by limiting the amount of government interaction with companies. In order to be successful there must be certain regulation put into place. The only problem with this approach is that it has already been taken by Columbia, and while it did improve corruption, it was not notable enough. Columbia has gone as far as privatizing its water supply and while it had many critics at first, it turned out to be a good decision by their part due to the correct regulations put into place. Other suggestions are to increase liberalization by reducing tariffs. This will lead to officials having less access to 1bribes. Competition among public services can also reduce corruption by eliminating monopoly type organizations. By increasing accountability, corruption can be decreased. Accountability includes stricter enforcement and easier detection mechanisms. Accountability can be increased through many ways. Freedom of information legislation can help. To better explain freedom of information legislation, and example would be the Ugandan government began posting prices for services and activities such as registering a car or starting a small business. This eliminates questionable pricing and increases transparency. Another tactic to increase transparency is to implement financial disclosure among government officials. This tactic makes government officials income and assets public. Some South American countries have already began this practice; countries such as Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. Government expenditures and income can also be made public for transparency purposes. This way money won’t go missing and if it does the people will know; this is known as an open budget process. Legislative oversight can benefit Columbia greatly in terms of eliminating corruption. Since Columbia must give more power to its legislative branch rather than its executive branch. A recent example has been one of Columbia’s neighbors, Brazil. The congressional impeachment of President Fernando Collor de Mello demonstrated the strength of the legislative branch. The Brazilian senate has also set up a special committee to investigate potential fraud in selling government bonds. Columbia’s senate should take initiative and also set up some sort of committee to investigate corruption charges. These methods won’t completely eliminate corruption and none will come close to even making an impact if it’s the only method used but if they are combined corruption and decrease considerably. An incentive to avoid corruption would be stricter sanction. By increasing the severity of the punishments people face a higher risk factor when participating in corrupt actions, thus leading them to think twice about their actions. Sanctions may include but are not limited to minimum sentences for taking part in corrupt activities or denying public services for any entity offering bribes, this includes people or companies. Columbia was already on somewhat of a right track when it comes to strengthening their judicial branch’s power. In 1991 Alfonso Valdivieso was appointed attorney general. In Colombia the Attorney General cannot be dismissed or reappointed and he is given investigatory powers. Valdivieso gained world recognition for prosecuting high ranking drug lords and government officials. I would recommend Columbia to ask Valdivieso for help, knowing that he is a reliable source when it comes to corruption. He can’t be Attorney General again but if special unit is formed to combat corruption, he is definitely a guy that should be taken in mind. This concludes possible ways to avoid and reduce corruption from an institutional view point, reducing corruption from a social approach is rather different. The way people are raised and their surroundings affect their views on many things including corruption. If children are raised in a corrupt environment, they will view it not only acceptable but almost necessary. It’s a top down effect where government officials and corporation leaders are at the top. They must set an example for the public to look down on corruption and not endorse it. Public Relations Campaigns can be put into effect to better inform people on the consequences and harm done by corruption that is not too clear. Campaigns can be executed through mass media, community activities or school programs. A few key points that should be emphasized are the effect that corruption has on things such as public services, investments, and inequality. All of these aspects are affected in a negative way. Columbia’s unemployment rate is 11. 8% and its Gini index is 58. 5. These numbers could improve with by decreasing corruption but this fact isn’t evident to most of the population. If people feel like they have a say in the situation and can make a change, they will be more actively supportive. These campaigns should aim towards making people feel as if every little bit of help counts. In Argentina a non-government organization was formed to inform the public about corruption. The organization consists of television and radio ads. Another positive use of media to combat corruption is investigative journalism. Investigative journalism increase transparency greatly. It helps uncover corrupt officials and acts. The truth is what drives investigative journalism rather than just a story. Investigative journalism poses a threat of being exposed towards anyone that is participating in corrupt acts. It is a risky job due to the fact that people being uncovered may have a lot of power. Workshops should be set up to train such journalist. Countries such as Uganda and Tanzania have just that. In a country like Colombia with all the guerilla forces and drug cartels, this is a very important part to investigative journalism. Journalist run the risk of being targeted, so they must be careful and smart in the ways they go about reporting and accessing their findings. Lastly Columbia could search for outside help. Help can come from individual countries or organizations. Organizations such as the United Nations and the World Bank could offer guidelines to help. Both organizations are pretty much powerless but they can help establish treaties that could improve anti-corruption efforts. Individual countries that wish to invest in Columbia could also take initiative and further influence Columbian anti-corruption movements. To recap corruption is mostly if not solely negative towards Columbia’s economic development. It makes Columbia look risky to outside investors hoping to make a Federal Direct Investment. Investors prefer stability rather than turmoil. Due to its geological position, Columbia has faced drug problems for a few decades now. In order to transport these drugs and grow them, bribery and corruption is needed. Columbian citizens and officials should notice that corruptions cons outweigh the pros when it comes to the Columbian economy as a whole. Officials must lead by example and the power of the executive branch should be reduced.

Victims Of Circumstance Essay Example For Students

Victims Of Circumstance Essay The Shakespearean piece, The Tragedy of Hamlet, is a story of many themes. This is perhaps why students worldwide are taught it in school. Or perhaps it is because of the diversification of these themes, and thus the diversification of responses it invokes, that makes Hamlet so well received by both students and scholars alike. Of these themes, the strongest theme, or rather, the most obvious, is that of revenge. That is not to say that because it is obvious, it is therefore simple. No one knows the extent of William Shakespeares genius, but it is known that when it comes to his works, things are hardly simplistic. In fact, it is believed that the theme of revenge is also one of the more complicated themes because of whom it involves and how it is brought about by the characters that desire it. The characters of whom I speak of are Fortinbras, son of the late King Fortinbras, prince of Norway; Laertes, son of the late Polonius (Lord Chamberlain to the King) and brother to the late Ophelia; and Hamlet, son of the late King Hamlet, prince of Denmark. We will write a custom essay on Victims Of Circumstance specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As one can see, they all have something in common; they are all sons to murdered fathers. As one reads on, specifics will arise that will make other similarities apparent as well as shedding some light on the methods and motives behind the aforementioned characters quests for vengeance. Firstly, there is the son of the late King of Norway, Fortinbras. In the nature of his revenge, he has embarked on a military campaign to regain for his country the lands that were forfeit when his father was slain in a duel with the late King Hamlet. Now, sir, young Fortinbras Hath in the skirts of Norway here and there sharkd up a list of lawless resolute to some enterprise which is no other As it doth well appear unto our stateBut to recover of us, by strong hand and terms compulsatory, those foresaid lands So by his father lost (I. i. 95-104) In anticipation of the attack, Claudius sends Cornelius and Voltimand, his courtiers, to Fortinbras uncle to talk to young Fortinbras about his vengeful quest. Thus, Fortinbras is dissuaded from attacking Denmark, temporarily, and is prompted to employ his anger, against the Polack- (II. ii. 74-75). Fortinbras course is an honourable one: acting to regain what was taken from him when his father was slain. In seeking out revenge, he does so not only on the same field on which his father contended, but on the very one he was bested. So he is unique in that his revenge lacks any actions of dishonour or deceit. Albeit his course does involve the imminent death of twenty thousand men for a fantasy of trick and fame- (IV. v. 60-61), his character is otherwise devoid of any dishonourable intentions. It is believed that it is because of his honourable convictions that he is rewarded with a vengeance that does not end with his own demise, as well as, ascendancy to the conveniently empty throne of Denmark. Secondly, there is Laertes, son of Polonius. Laertes seeks out revenge using lex talionis, an eye for an eye;- and to this he is entitled to. In these times, the eldest son of a murdered father could hardly stand idle while his murderer still breathes. Well, he could, but if honour meant anything to him; and in these times, honour meant everything, than it was his obligation to exact his vengeance upon Hamlet. Laertes, having such noble qualities as being inherently good and having a basic honesty and courage, takes up this challenge to kill Hamlet. Unfortunately, circumstances are not at their best and returning home to find a dead father and an insane sister certainly plays a large role on how Laertes would have otherwise dealt with the situation, Let come what comes, only Ill be most revenged most thoroughly for my father. (IV. v. 135-136). Quick to avenge the loss of his family, we see a rather rash and hot-headed Laertes, and although one can hardly blame him for being in such a state of mind, it is the decisions he makes while in this state of mind that ultimately leads to his death. In his wrath, he conspires with Claudius to develop a plan to kill Hamlet. When asked what he was willing to do, and how far he was willing to go to kill Hamlet and avenge his father, he responds To cut his throat i the church- (IV. vii. 127). This being an unthinkable crime in itself it shows Laertes willingness to do anything to avenge his father. So Claudius suggests a duel with Hamlet and, if left here, his honour would still hold merit. It is not, however, and Laertes suggests the poisoning of his foils to further guarantee his vengeance. Ill anoint my sword. I bought an unction of a mountebank, So mortal that, but dip a knife in it, Where it draws blood no cataplasm so rare, Collected from all simples that have virtue Under the moon, can save the thing from death That is but scratchd withal: Ill touch my point With this contagion, that, if I gall him slightly, It may be death. (IV. vii. 140-148) .u109439cc730e34032cf4d46e7df6be25 , .u109439cc730e34032cf4d46e7df6be25 .postImageUrl , .u109439cc730e34032cf4d46e7df6be25 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u109439cc730e34032cf4d46e7df6be25 , .u109439cc730e34032cf4d46e7df6be25:hover , .u109439cc730e34032cf4d46e7df6be25:visited , .u109439cc730e34032cf4d46e7df6be25:active { border:0!important; } .u109439cc730e34032cf4d46e7df6be25 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u109439cc730e34032cf4d46e7df6be25 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u109439cc730e34032cf4d46e7df6be25:active , .u109439cc730e34032cf4d46e7df6be25:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u109439cc730e34032cf4d46e7df6be25 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u109439cc730e34032cf4d46e7df6be25 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u109439cc730e34032cf4d46e7df6be25 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u109439cc730e34032cf4d46e7df6be25 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u109439cc730e34032cf4d46e7df6be25:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u109439cc730e34032cf4d46e7df6be25 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u109439cc730e34032cf4d46e7df6be25 .u109439cc730e34032cf4d46e7df6be25-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u109439cc730e34032cf4d46e7df6be25:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: In Shakespeares Messina EssayIt is through this use of deceptive and murderous means that Laertes quest for vengeance is cast into disrepute. When the time of the duel arrives, while he does strike an ultimately mortal blow to Hamlet, in the confusion of the fight, the fighters trade foils and ironically Laertes, is stricken with the very foil he poisoned and he too dies of its effects. But to his credit, Laertes does begin to doubt his own motives during the fight: My lord, Ill hit him now and yet tis almost gainst my conscience (V. i. 296-297). As well, as he lies dying of his poison he confesses his own treachery to Hamlet and tells him of the role of the King, thereby indicting him. It is here, Hamlet. Hamlet, thou art slain; No medicine in the world can do thee good; In thee there is not half an hour of life; The treacherous instrument is in thy hand, Unbated and envenomd: the foul practise Hath turnd itself on me lo, here I lie, Never to rise again: thy mothers poisond: I can no more: the king, the kings to blame. (V. ii. 314-321) Also with his dying breath he absolves Hamlet of all blame; that is of course, if Hamlet will forgive him, which he does. Exchange forgiveness with me, noble Hamlet: Mine and my fathers death come not upon thee, Nor thine on me. (V. ii. 330 333) So, when the specifics of the situation arise, we find Laertes is more victim than villain. Arriving home to find his family dead or insane, he is devastated and his emotions take over. While he does go to Claudius for help, he is more his dupe rather than co-conspirator. In the end he sees the error of his ways, and while it is already too late he confesses the truth to Hamlet in an effort to right his wrongs. Lastly, is the tragic hero of the play, Hamlet. When the play begins, King Hamlet is already slain and his mother already remarried to his uncle, Claudius. Hamlet is deeply sorrowed by his fathers passing, but he is almost more deeply grieved by his mothers quick remarriage. So we are painted this picture of a sad and mourning Hamlet, and yet revenge has not even begun to enter Hamlets mind. And why should it? Who has he to blame? His father died of a snake bite, while sleeping in his orchard, so there is no one to blame for his death, except maybe the snake. And he can hardly kill his uncle or his mother for what can only be referred to as an incestuous marriage. It is not until his meeting with the supposed ghost of his father that revenge forms in Hamlets mind, and even than, it is a quest more bestowed upon him than taken up. If thou didst ever thy dear father love Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder. (I. v. 23-25). It is then that he finds out that there is a vengeance to be taken, because it is then that the ghost tells Hamlet who has murdered him. The serpent that did sting thy fathers life now wears his crown. (I. v. 38-39). Upon hearing this Hamlet readily accepts his task of exacting revenge. The ghost also displays his dismay over the queens quick remarriage, to his murderer no less, but cautions Hamlet not to raise his hand against her, as he wants her own guilt to weigh heavily in her heart, and let heaven decide her fate. Taint not thy mind, nor let thy soul contrive Against thy mother aught: leave her to heaven And to those thorns that in her bosom lodge, To prick and sting her. (I. v. 85-88) It is such that Hamlet is left to ponder what he must do, and yet he procrastinates in killing Claudius immediately because of lack of proof, and with due reason. This ghost that has appeared to him, while it could very well be the ghost of his poor late father, it could also be a demon sent to torment him and trick him into committing actions that would cause nothing but turmoil and upset in the land of Denmark. So when a band of actors visits the castle, he enlists their aid in discovering the truth about his fathers murder. He asks them to perform the play The Murder of Gonzago and adds his own sixteen lines that will cause the actors to reenact the murder of King Hamlet. The plays the thing wherein Ill catch the conscience of the King. (II. ii. 616-617) And catches the conscience of the King it does. Claudius calls for light and storms away, the play being called to an end, and Hamlet could not be happier with the results. .u90fa81df1338e4eda0c47625ff14fa56 , .u90fa81df1338e4eda0c47625ff14fa56 .postImageUrl , .u90fa81df1338e4eda0c47625ff14fa56 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u90fa81df1338e4eda0c47625ff14fa56 , .u90fa81df1338e4eda0c47625ff14fa56:hover , .u90fa81df1338e4eda0c47625ff14fa56:visited , .u90fa81df1338e4eda0c47625ff14fa56:active { border:0!important; } .u90fa81df1338e4eda0c47625ff14fa56 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u90fa81df1338e4eda0c47625ff14fa56 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u90fa81df1338e4eda0c47625ff14fa56:active , .u90fa81df1338e4eda0c47625ff14fa56:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u90fa81df1338e4eda0c47625ff14fa56 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u90fa81df1338e4eda0c47625ff14fa56 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u90fa81df1338e4eda0c47625ff14fa56 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u90fa81df1338e4eda0c47625ff14fa56 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u90fa81df1338e4eda0c47625ff14fa56:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u90fa81df1338e4eda0c47625ff14fa56 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u90fa81df1338e4eda0c47625ff14fa56 .u90fa81df1338e4eda0c47625ff14fa56-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u90fa81df1338e4eda0c47625ff14fa56:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: To what extent is Macbeth persuaded by the witches and Lady Macbeth in his bloody deeds? EssayFinally convinced of his uncles guilt, he sets it upon himself to finally do the deed and kill him. Claudius, suddenly guilt-stricken decides to pray for forgiveness, and this is how Hamlet finds him. Sword drawn, he again procrastinates in his deed, deciding that if he were to kill him now, while he was at prayer, than his soul would go to heaven, and since his father was not given the chance for forgiveness before he died, than neither shall he. It is in this moment that he decides that he shall kill him while he is committing a sin, so that he will join his father in hell. Up, sword; and know thou a more horrid hent: When he is drunk asleep, or in his rage, Or in the incestuous pleasure of his bed; At gaming, swearing, or about some act That has no relish of salvation int; Then trip him, that his heels may kick at heaven, And that his soul may be as damnd and black As hell, whereto it goes. (III. iii. 88-95) His next act of vengeance is with his mother. He meets with her after he sees Claudius praying. They quarrel and when she cries out for help, Polonius; who was hiding behind an arras to spy, makes his presence known. Thinking it is the king, Hamlet stabs at the arras and slays Polonius. This being not very important to this central idea, it is only worth mentioning because it is a small highlight of the scene as well as sets the stage for Laertes vengeance. After he kills Polonius, he finally tells his mother his true feelings regarding her marrying her late husbands brother so quickly after his death. Such an act That blurs the grace and blush of modesty, Calls virtue hypocrite, takes off the rose From the fair forehead of an innocent love And sets a blister there, makes marriage-vows As false as dicers oaths (III. iv. 41-46) He further denounces her love of Claudius and paints a portrait of a woman that is weak, sensual, and does not act her age. His words, though, find their mark and she is stricken with the guilt of her actions, O speak to me no more! These words like daggers enter in mine ears. No more, sweet Hamlet. (III. iv. 95-97). Finally we arrive at the climax of the play when Hamlets quest for vengeance is completed. Upon the death of his mother, and of Laertes confession, it seems that Hamlet finally has enough proof of Claudius treachery to kill him. First, he stabs his uncle with the poisoned foil, and then, as a final act of vengeance, he pours whatever is left of the poisoned wine down his throat, which leaves the king thoroughly deceased. The point! envenomd too! Then, venom, to thy work Here, thou incestuous, murderous, damned Dane, Drink off this potion. Is thy union here? Follow my mother. (V. ii. 322-328) It is so that the dying prince of Denmark is avenged most thoroughly for the death of both his parents, and if not for his accidental murdering of Polonius he might have yet still lived. But he too was a victim of unfortunate circumstance, and so, Hamlet dies. So concludes the accounts of vengeance in this play. First, we had noble Fortinbras. A character who was not so much a victim of circumstance, but a victor of it. In the end, he is all but given the throne of Denmark and is so rightfully avenged. Next was poor Laertes, a true victim in the play. His whole family, including himself in the end, dies because of the deception and trickery of the royal family. Inherently a good person, neither he or his sister deserved to die, and yet that is the fate in which they find themselves. And lastly was Hamlet, a true tragical hero. Although obviously skilled with the sword, he was more given to philosophizing. It was his procrastination and analytical traits, while not considered to be of the worse traits a man can get, that prove to be his downfall. Things could have gone very differently in The Tragedy of Hamlet if even the tiniest of details were changed. Unfortunately, all the worse things that could of happened did, and many of the characters in the play find themselves the unfortunate victim of circumstance.

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